http://biolsport.comTable of contents Volume 29, 2012 Number 2.en-usCopyright 2012 by the Biology of Sporthttp://biolsport.com/rssIndexCopernicus Journal Management System RSS GENERATORE-mail (Ryszard Gruczawebmaster@biolsport.com (ADM)Wed, 04 Apr 2012 04:23:26 ESThttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988966Regular exercise or physical activity benefits the cardiovascular system, lowers mortality and morbidity, and is a particularly important factor for maintaining the health of blood vessels by improving the function of endothelial cells. Shear stress and increased metabolic rate caused by exercise induce vasodilation by generating endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) such as nitric oxide. In addition, some studies suggest that vasodilation is also induced by endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF) and substances such as H2O2. Thus, we undertook this study to show that reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 that have not previously been investigated in the field of exercise science may induce vasodilation and an increase in blood pressure, and to provide information for application in the field of exercise science. In this review, we discuss reports on H2O2 published in the fields of basic science and exercise science while focusing on vasodilation induced by H2O2. H2O2 induces vasodilation by simultaneously increasing endothelial NOS (eNOS) and directly activating the Ca2+- activated K+ channels of vascular smooth muscle cells. A novel study should be conducted in the field of H2O2 as a factor of vasodilation via increased metabolic rate during exercise. Dong-Jun Sung, Wi-Young So, Ho-Young Ryu, Hyun-Sung An, Kwang-Suk Cha Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTReview articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988966http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988965The purpose of this study was to examine the diversity of white blood cell (WBC) counts and their subsets (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) among competitive athletes of different sports disciplines. The blood samples were collected from 608 healthy, medically examined athletes (181 females and 427 males) aged 20.1 ± 5.1 years, who represented five sport disciplines: canoeing, judo, rowing, swimming and volleyball. All blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein in the morning, after overnight fasting, in a seated position. Haematological analyses were conducted using a haematology analyser (ADVIA 120, Siemens). Neutropenia (defined as neutrophil count <2.0 · 10[sup]9[/sup]·L[sup]-1[/sup]) was found in athletes of both sexes in each discipline. There was no incident of lymphopenia (defined as a lymphocyte count <1.0 · 10[sup]9[/sup]·L[sup]-1[/sup]). Monocytopenia (defined as a monocyte count <0.2 · 10[sup]9[/sup]·L[sup]-1[/sup]) was seen only in male athletes, except judo athletes. Differences in WBC and their subset counts were related to sport disciplines: in volleyball players WBC counts were significantly higher than in athletes of canoeing and rowing (in females); neutrophil counts were the lowest in swimming athletes; lymphocyte counts were lower in athletes of canoeing than in volleyball and swimming, but only in females; monocyte counts were lower in athletes of canoeing than swimming (in females) and judo (in males). In women, counts of neutrophils were greater and counts of monocytes were smaller than in men. It seems that prevalence of neutropenia and monocytopenia and differences in WBC counts and their subsets among disciplines could be related to the adaptive response to physical exercise. Joanna Orysiak, Konrad Witek, Piotr Zmijewski, Jan Gajewski Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988965http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988967The purpose of this study was to establish the validity (unbiasedness) and reliability of E-panel judges officiating execution of exercises in men’s artistic gymnastics at the European Championship 2011 (EC 2011) in Berlin. Overall bias was established in terms of average over-scoring or under-scoring of each judge compared to the final E score of a judges’ E panel. National bias was expressed as average over-scoring of gymnasts of the same nationality as the judge’s. Both types of bias were mostly small (within the +/- 0.1 point range), but statistically significant and also substantial (over 0.2 point) in some cases. Compared to other competitions, it seems that bias is becoming smaller over time and is also smaller in competitions of higher importance. Analysis of possible consequences of bias showed that overall bias may influence both scores and ranks of competitors, while national bias may be especially problematic in the qualification round, where it may prevent some competitors from qualifying for apparatus finals. Bojan Leskošek, Ivan Čuk, Jernej Pajek, Warwick Forbes, Maja Bučar-Pajek Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988967http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990749The aim of the study was to estimate changes in blood morphology caused by participation of record-seeking swimmers in a high altitude training camp at 2,300 m above sea level and to assess their performance during major competitions before and after the camp. Eight swimmers (two females and six males) - record-holders and medallists of the Polish National Championships, as well as finalists and medallists of the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games (including a two-time holder of the world record) - were recruited. During the 2006/2007 season the athletes attended a training camp organized according to the principle “live high and train high”. The camp lasted 23 days and consisted of three micro-cycles of training, each of them with specific training objectives. Before and after participation in the training camp erythrocyte (red blood cells; RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Hct) were estimated at a hospital laboratory. Scores amassed by the examined athletes during major competitions were presented after their transformation into points based on the FINA (International Swimming Federation) tables for years 2005-2008. The best results (time for a distance) achieved during competitions organized before and after participation in the camp were regarded as reference points. Additionally, liquid balance of the body was monitored during 30 selected training units (15 in the morning and 15 in the evening). The response of the examined swimmers from the Polish Olympic Team to the high altitude training (at 2,300 m above sea level) was represented by an almost three-fold increase in blood reticulocyte count during the first micro-cycle of training as well as by an elevated erythrocyte count (by 14.4%), and haemoglobin (by 13.5%) and haematocrit (by 14.8%) levels estimated after completion of the training, as compared to the results obtained before the camp. Six out of eight subjects improved their performance in major competitions organized after the training camp, and four of them broke their personal bests. Marcin Siewierski, Paweł Słomiński, Robert Białecki, Jakub Adamczyk Original articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990749http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990467To investigate the effect of resistance and endurance training on muscle proteome expression, samples of vastus lateralis from 10 physically active young men were analysed by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Differential patterns of protein expression were determined after 4 weeks of endurance or resistance exercise training. Following endurance exercise training, carbonic anhydrase III immunoglobulin heavy chain, myosin heavy chain 1, titin, chromosome 12, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 2 were up-regulated while pyruvate kinase 3 isoform, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase, and phosphoglucomutase were down-regulated. After the 4 weeks of resistance exercise training, five proteins, apolipoprotein A-IV precursor, microtubule-actin cross linking factor 1, myosin light chain, growth hormone inducible transmembrane protein, and an unknown protein were up-regulated and pyruvate kinase 3 isoform, human albumin, and enolase 3 were down-regulated. We conclude that endurance and resistance exercise training differently alter the expression of individual muscle proteins, and that the response of muscle protein expression may be associated with specific myofibre adaptations to exercise training. Proteomic studies represent one of the developing techniques of metabolism which may substantially contribute to new insights into muscle and exercise physiology. Hee Jeong Son, Chang Keun Kim, Hyo Jeong Kim Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990467http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988969The aim of this research was to assess the body posture within the trunk area in table tennis players and to estimate the correlations between the specific body posture types, their asymmetries and table tennis practice (training experience). To evaluate body posture the photogrammetric method based on the Moiré phenomenon with equipment by CQ Electronic was applied. Tests of significance of difference and correlation were used to estimate the correlation of the observed asymmetries with the training experience. 40 table tennis players and 43 subjects not practising sports participated in the research. The analysis of the results revealed that table tennis players, unlike non-players, are characterized by kyphotic body posture. It probably results from a specific trunk, head and limb position during table tennis matches. Thus, many asymmetries in frontal and transverse planes were observed in the examined table tennis players. Perhaps table tennis, which is characterized by intensive and one-sided trunk muscle work during its performance, is in favour of creating asymmetries. The majority of subjects did not reveal any statistically significant correlations between the observed body posture types, their asymmetries and training experience. However, it was observed that training experience is significantly related to the considerable asymmetry of the inclination angle of shoulder line (KLB). It may result from the negative influence of very intensive, one-sided work and constant work of the shoulder girdle muscles of the playing limb with negligence of exercises of the second limb.Katarzyna Barczyk-Pawelec, Ziemowit Bańkosz, Małgorzata Derlich Original articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988969http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990465In the present study we investigated the interactive effects of insulin and carbohydrate on glycogen replenishment in different rat hindlimb muscles. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups, including 1) sedentary control with carbohydrate supplement (2 g glucose · kg body wt-1), 2) sedentary rats with 16 hours recovery, carbohydrate and insulin (0.5 U · kg body wt-1), 3) swimming without recovery, 4) swimming with 16 hours recovery and carbohydrate supplement, and 5) swimming with 16 hours recovery, carbohydrate and insulin. The swimming protocol consisted of two 3 h swimming sections, which were separated by a 45 min rest. The insulin and carbohydrate were administered to the rats immediately after exercise. At the end of the experiment, the soleus (S), plantaris (P), quadriceps (Q) and gastrocnemius (G) were surgically excised to evaluate glycogen utilization and replenishment. We observed that glycogen utilization was significantly lower in G and Q than S and P during swimming (p <0.05), and S showed the greatest capacity of glycogen resynthesis after post-exercise recovery (p <0.05). In the sedentary state, the glycogen synthesis did not differ among hindlimb muscles during insulin and carbohydrate treatments. Interestingly, with insulin and carbohydrate, the glycogen resynthesis in S and P were significantly greater than in Q and G following post-exercise recovery (p <0.05). We therefore concluded that the soleus and plantaris are the primary working muscles during swimming, and the greatest glycogen replenishment capacity of the soleus during post-exercise recovery is likely due to its highest insulin sensitivity. Ching-Hung Lin, Yi-Hung Liao, Chia-Hua Kuo, Chien-Wen Hou , Chung-Yu Chen, Mei-Chich Hsu Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990465http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990635 Helena Mroczkowska Original articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990635http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988970The effects of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) and activity of creatine kinase (CK) were investigated in military personnel. The concentrations of CRP and CK were used as inflammatory and muscle damage markers, respectively. Twenty subjects were divided into two groups and were given capsules containing either n-3 PUFA (SUP) (n=10) or placebo (PLA) (n=10) for four weeks. During the fourth week of supplementation, the subjects participated in a military boot camp that restricted both their calorie intake and rest, and increased their physical stress. Blood samples were taken in four instances: 1) pre-supplementation; 2) pre-camp; 3) during camp; 4) after camp. During the three weeks of supplementation and prior to boot camp, a significant reduction was observed in the serum concentration of CRP (50%) only in group SUP (p=0.04). Significant increases in CK activity of 103.9% in SUP (p=0.0001) and 225.5% in PLA (p=0.004) after camp confirmed the strenuous nature of this procedure. Serum CRP increased during camp in both groups but the SUP group presented a significantly lower concentration of CRP at the end of boot camp in comparison to the PLA group (6.18 ± 2.6 U · L-1 and 8.6 ± 2.1 U · L-1 for SUP and PLA respectively, when p=0.04). These results suggest that supplementation with n-3 PUFA can exhibit a protective effect against the inflammatory process induced by a regimen of intense physical stress and food restriction. Eduardo Porto Santos, Alexandre Sérgio Silva, Maria Jose de Carvalho Costa, James Silva Moura Junior, Elton Lopes de Oliveira Quirino, Gisele Augusta Maciel Franca, Luiza Sonia Rios Asciutti Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=988970http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990466Physical activity has been proven as a useful intervention for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this article was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise alone and resistance training alone as well as the combination of aerobic plus resistance training on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and body composition in patients with T2DM. Eighty T2DM participants (37 men, 43 women), aged 33-69 years, were randomly divided in equal numbers (n=20) into one of four groups (aerobic, resistance, combined training, and control). Exercise training was performed three times per week for 52 weeks. After one year, 60 subjects (15 subjects in each group) were entered into the statistical analysis. Seventeen parameters were evaluated. Mean HbA1c showed statistically significant reductions in the three training groups. All subjects of training groups experienced improvement in postprandial glucose, blood pressure, VO2max, and muscular percentage. Furthermore, the reduced concentration of plasma triglycerides was significant in both aerobic exercise and combined training groups. Also, a significant reduction was observed in body fat percentage in resistance and combined groups. Combination of two forms of exercise training led to an additional improvement in some of the parameters such as A1c and triglycerides compared with aerobic alone or resistance training alone. In general, the reported results in previous studies were not obtained for whole lipid profile and BMI. Both aerobic and resistance training are effective interventions for the management of T2DM complications, but combined training is associated with greater positive changes. Abbas Yavari, Farzad Najafipoor, Akbar Aliasgharzadeh, Mitra Niafar, Majid Mobasseri Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990466http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990468The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximal oxygen uptake ( ·VO2max) values in soccer players as assessed by field and laboratory tests. Fourteen amateur soccer players (mean age: 21.9 ± 2.5) performed 2 maximal field tests: the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YIRT), and the 20-m multi-stage shuttle run test (MST), as well as 1 maximal test on the treadmill with the Bruce treadmill test (BTRT) protocol. A portable telemetric ergospirometry device was used during all the tests to determine ·VO2max. In addition, an estimated ·VO2max value was calculated for players after all the tests. At the end of the study, no significant differences were found between field and laboratory tests in terms of measured ·VO2max, HRmax and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (p>0.05), whereas significant differences were found between field and laboratory tests in terms of estimated ·VO2max (p<0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences between measured ·VO2 and estimated ·VO2max in BTRT, whereas significant differences were found between measured ·VO2max and estimated ·VO2max in both YIRT and MST. Finally, while there was a strong relationship between ·VO2max and both MST and BTRT performance (distance covered), there was a moderate correlation between ·VO2max and YIRT performance. This study results suggest that it is necessary to use ergospirometry to accurately estimate aerobic capacity in soccer players. In addition, both MST and YIRT could be used to determine HRmax of players, and MST has a strong relationship with ·VO2max. Thus MST may also be a more favourable field-based assessment of soccer players’ endurance performance. Utku B Alemdaroğlu, Ugur Dündar, Yusuf Köklü, Alper Aşçı Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990468http://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990519The purpose of this study was to determine new equations from the relationship of % ·VO2max versus %HRmax, based on direct measures of oxygen uptake, in four exercise modes (leg cycling, rowing, stepping and running), in young adult females and males with low risk for cardiovascular disease. Ten adult males and ten females volunteered for the study. The participants performed an incremental test for each exercise mode until exhaustion. Regression analyses were carried out for each participant at a target % of VO2max and %HRmax was computed. At 40-90% ·VO2max, the regression equations predicted similar values of %HRmax for males and females in the four exercise modes. In contrast, estimated %HRmax for cycling was higher at 40-70% ·VO2max, when compared with stepping and running. The results support the notion that a single equation to predict target heart rate values for both males and females can be applied. Furthermore, at light and moderate intensities, leg cycling produces different % ·VO2max-%HRmax regression equations than stepping and running. Raul A Martins, Manuel João Coelho e Silva, Luís B Sardinha Wed, 4 Apr 2012 4:23 ESTOriginal articlehttp://biolsport.com/abstracted.php?level=5&ICID=990519